What is Sociolinguistics?

Sociolinguistics is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different social identities (e.g. gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech changes in different situations. Some of the issues addressed are how features of dialects (ways of pronouncing words, choice of words, patterns of words) cluster together to form personal styles of speech; why people from different communities or cultures can misunderstand what is meant, said and done based on the different ways they use language. Sociolinguistics encompasses a range of methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative.
What is sociolinguistics? An MLC-er weighs in: “The study of how people use language in their everyday lives. Sociolinguistics looks at how identities are manifested through the words we use and how, through language, we (intentionally or unintentionally) create, maintain, and disrupt relationships with others.”

Pragmatics focuses on how speakers use language to present information and how hearers draw inferences from what is said about the speaker’s communicative intention. Some of the issues addressed are how particular ways of speaking (including the choice of words, sentence forms, and prosody (intonation, rhythm, pitch)) convey subtle features of messages; how language conveys ‘who did what, when, where, why, and how;’ how we use language to accomplish ‘speech acts’ (e.g. apologies, declarations, requests, threats) that bring us closer together or take us further apart.
What is sociolinguistics? An MLC-er weighs in: “Sociolinguistics is the study of language and society. It examines how language simultaneously arises out of and is used to construct social categories such as nationality, race, gender, age, etc. Cultural beliefs, values, and norms are encoded in language, and language reaffirms these aspects of culture.”

Discourse analysis focuses on language use ‘above’ the sentence (in text) and ‘beyond’ the sentence (in context). This perspective analyzes texts and contexts from a wide array of sites in everyday life, ranging, for example, from informal conversations among friends to doctor/patient interactions, office documents (memos, minutes), and televised political debates. Some of the issues addressed are the following: how texts build cohesion (the word and meaning relationships that ‘hold’ a text together) and coherence (the overall unity, topic, and message); how texts that tell a story (a narrative) differ from those that describe something, provide an explanation or list a set of instructions.

What is sociolinguistics? An MLC-er weighs in: “To a colleague or employer who asks ‘what is sociolinguistics?’ I might reply: sociolinguistics is the in-depth study of how language tells the story of us as a society over time, of how language resonates with us, and why.”

What is Applied Linguistics?

Applied Linguistics is concerned with the systematic study of language structure, the acquisition of first and subsequent languages, the role of language in communication, and the status of language as the product of particular cultures and other social groups. A background in linguistics is essential for language teachers, translators, speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and many other language professionals.

Linguistic Terapan(Applied linguistics) mencakup bidang : pengajaran bahasa,penerjemahan, leksikologi, fonetik terapan, sosiolinguistik terapan,pembinaan bahasainternasional, pembinaan bahasa khusus, linguistic medis, mekanolinguistik.

Sejarah Applied Linguistics

Istilah Applied Linguistics(Linguistik Terapan) mengacu pada berbagai kegiatan yang melibatkan beberapa hal yang terkait dengan pemecahan masalah bahasa atau menangani beberapa kekhawatiran terkait bahasa. Ia seolah-seolah diterapkan linguistic, setidaknya di Amerika Utara, pertama secara resmi diakui sebagai kursus independen di University of Michigan pada tahun 1946. Selama akhir 1950-an, penggunaan istilah ini secara bertahap diperluas dengan memasukkan apa yang kemudian dirujuk ke terjemahan otomatis. Pada tahun 1964 setelah dua tahun bekerja persiapan dibiayai oleh Dewan Eropa, Association international  de linguistique Appliuee( Asosiasi internasional linguistic terapan biasanya disebut oleh Prancis AILA singkatan) didirikan dan kongres internasional pertama yang diadakan di Narcy, prancis.

Linguistik diterapkan berfokus pada berbagai daerah dan kompleks dalam masyarakat di mana bahasa memainkan peran Tampaknya terdapat konsensus bahwa tujuannya adalah untuk menerapkan temuan dan teknik dari penelitian dalam linguistik dan disiplin terkait untuk memecahkan masalah praktis.

Selain pengajaran bahasa asing dan terjemahan mesin, sampling sebagian isu-isu yang dianggap penting bagi bidang linguistik diterapkan saat ini termasuk topik-topik seperti bahasa untuk tujuan khusus (misalnya bahasa dan masalah komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan penerbangan, gangguan bahasa, hukum, kedokteran, ilmu ), kebijakan dan perencanaan bahasa, dan bahasa dan masalah keaksaraan.

     Kegunaan linguistik terhadap pengajaran bahasa,antara lain :
1. Member pijakan prinsip-prinsip pengajaran bahasa asing,termasuk didalamnya pendekatan,metode dan teknk.
2.    Member arahan atau pijakan mengenai isi/materi bahasa yang akan diajarkan yang didasarkan pada diskripsi bahasa yang mendetail, termasuk cara mempersentasikan.
Salah satu bagian dari Applied Linguistic yaitu psycholinguistics. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan psycholinguistics itu???? Disini saya akan menjelakannya secara singkat.

Definition of psycholinguistics
:  the study of the mental faculties involved in the perception, production, and acquisition of language.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental aspects of language and speech. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which language is represented and processed in the brain.

A branch of both linguistics and psychology, psycholinguistics is part of the field of cognitive science. Adjective: psycholinguistic.

The term psycholinguistics was introduced by American psychologist Jacob Robert Kantor in his book An Objective Psychology of Grammar (1936).

The term was popularized by one of Kantor's students, Henry Pronko, in the article "Language and Psycholinguistics: A Review" (1946). The emergence of psycholinguistics as an academic discipline is generally linked to an influential seminar at Cornell University in 1951.

Untuk lebih jelasnya ada di link ini :
http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/cou/adv/ling6017/MA%20Lecture%204.pdf

http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~lpearl/courses/ling200_2004sum1/LING200/Psycholinguistics.pdf